Developer Interface¶

This part of the documentation covers all the interfaces of Niquests. For parts where Niquests depends on external libraries, we document the most important right here and provide links to the canonical documentation.

Main Interface¶

All of Niquests’ functionality can be accessed by these 7 methods. They all return an instance of the Response object.

Constructs and sends a Request.

Parameters:

method – method for the new Request object: GET, OPTIONS, HEAD, POST, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE.
url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': file-tuple}) for multipart encoding upload. file-tuple can be a 2-tuple ('filename', fileobj), 3-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type') or a 4-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers), where 'content_type' is a string defining the content type of the given file and custom_headers a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Usage:

>>> import niquests
>>> req = niquests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> req
<Response HTTP/2 [200]>

Sends a HEAD request.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Sends a GET request.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Sends a POST request.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': file-tuple}) for multipart encoding upload. file-tuple can be a 2-tuple ('filename', fileobj), 3-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type') or a 4-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers), where 'content_type' is a string defining the content type of the given file and custom_headers a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Sends a PUT request.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': file-tuple}) for multipart encoding upload. file-tuple can be a 2-tuple ('filename', fileobj), 3-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type') or a 4-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers), where 'content_type' is a string defining the content type of the given file and custom_headers a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Sends a PATCH request.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': file-tuple}) for multipart encoding upload. file-tuple can be a 2-tuple ('filename', fileobj), 3-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type') or a 4-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers), where 'content_type' is a string defining the content type of the given file and custom_headers a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Sends a DELETE request.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).
hooks – (optional) Register functions that should be called at very specific moment in the request lifecycle.
retries – (optional) If integer, determine the number of retry in case of a timeout or connection error. Otherwise, for fine gained retry, use directly a Retry instance from urllib3.

Returns:

Response object

Exceptions¶

exception niquests.RequestException(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your request.

exception niquests.ConnectionError(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: A Connection error occurred.

exception niquests.HTTPError(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: An HTTP error occurred.

exception niquests.URLRequired(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: A valid URL is required to make a request.

exception niquests.TooManyRedirects(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: Too many redirects.

exception niquests.ConnectTimeout(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.

Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.

exception niquests.ReadTimeout(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time.

exception niquests.Timeout(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The request timed out.

Catching this error will catch both ConnectTimeout and ReadTimeout errors.

exception niquests.JSONDecodeError(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: Couldn’t decode the text into json

Request Sessions¶

class requests.Session(*, resolver: str | ResolverDescription | BaseResolver | List[str] | List[ResolverDescription] | None = None, source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None, quic_cache_layer: MutableMapping[Tuple[str, int], Tuple[str, int] | None] | None = None, retries: bool | int | Retry = 0, multiplexed: bool = False, disable_http2: bool = False, disable_http3: bool = False, disable_ipv6: bool = False, disable_ipv4: bool = False, pool_connections: int = 10, pool_maxsize: int = 10, happy_eyeballs: bool | int = False)[source]¶

A Requests session.

Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.

Basic Usage:

>>> import niquests
>>> s = niquests.Session()
>>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
<Response HTTP/2 [200]>

Or as a context manager:

>>> with niquests.Session() as s:
...     s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
<Response HTTP/2 [200]>

auth¶: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to Request.

cert: str | Tuple[str, str] | Tuple[str, str, str] | None¶: SSL client certificate default, if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

close() → None[source]¶: Closes all adapters and as such the session

cookies: RequestsCookieJar | CookieJar¶: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this session. By default it is a RequestsCookieJar, but may be any other cookielib.CookieJar compatible object.

Sends a DELETE request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

gather(*responses: Response, max_fetch: int | None = None) → None[source]¶

Call this method to make sure in-flight responses are retrieved efficiently. This is a no-op if multiplexed is set to False (which is the default value). Passing a limited set of responses will wait for given promises and discard others for later.

Parameters:: max_fetch – Maximal number of response to be fetched before exiting the loop. By default, it waits until all pending (lazy) response are resolved.

Sends a GET request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

get_adapter(url: str) → BaseAdapter[source]¶: Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL.

get_redirect_target(resp: Response) → str | None[source]¶: Receives a Response. Returns a redirect URI or None

Sends a HEAD request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to False by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

headers¶: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each Request sent from this Session.

hooks: Dict[str, List[Callable[[PreparedRequest | Response], PreparedRequest | Response | None]]]¶: Event-handling hooks.

max_redirects: int¶: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this limit, a TooManyRedirects exception is raised. This defaults to requests.models.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, which is 30.

merge_environment_settings(url: str, proxies: Dict[str, str], stream: bool | None, verify: bool | str | bytes | None, cert: str | Tuple[str, str] | Tuple[str, str, str] | None) → dict[str, Any][source]¶: Check the environment and merge it with some settings.

mount(prefix: str, adapter: BaseAdapter) → None[source]¶

Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.

Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.

multiplexed¶: Toggle to leverage multiplexed connection.

Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

params: List[Tuple[str, str | List[str]]] | Mapping[str, str | List[str]] | bytes | str¶: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each Request. The dictionary values may be lists for representing multivalued query parameters.

Sends a PATCH request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects for multipart encoding upload.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

Sends a POST request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects for multipart encoding upload.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

prepare_request(request: Request) → PreparedRequest[source]¶

Constructs a PreparedRequest for transmission and returns it. The PreparedRequest has settings merged from the Request instance and those of the Session.

Parameters:: request – Request instance to prepare with this session’s settings.

proxies: Dict[str, str]¶: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy (e.g. {‘http’: ‘foo.bar:3128’, ‘http://host.name’: ‘foo.bar:4012’}) to be used on each Request.

Sends a PUT request. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects for multipart encoding upload.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

quic_cache_layer¶: A simple dict that allows us to persist which server support QUIC It is simply forwarded to urllib3.future that handle the caching logic. Can be any mutable mapping.

rebuild_auth(prepared_request: PreparedRequest, response: Response) → None[source]¶: When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.

rebuild_method(prepared_request: PreparedRequest, response: Response)[source]¶: When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request based on certain specs or browser behavior.

rebuild_proxies(prepared_request: PreparedRequest, proxies: Dict[str, str] | None) → Dict[str, str][source]¶

This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous redirect).

This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where necessary.

Constructs a Request, prepares it and sends it. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

method – method for the new Request object.
url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects for multipart encoding upload.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
hooks – (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or list of events, event must be callable.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair, or (‘cert’, ‘key’, ‘key_password’).

resolve_redirects(resp: Response, req: PreparedRequest, stream: bool = False, timeout: int | float | None = None, verify: bool | str | bytes = True, cert: str | Tuple[str, str] | Tuple[str, str, str] | None = None, proxies: Dict[str, str] | None = None, yield_requests: bool = False, yield_requests_trail: bool = False, **adapter_kwargs: Any) → Generator[Response | PreparedRequest, None, None][source]¶: Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses or Requests.

resolver¶: Custom DNS resolution method.

retries¶: Configured retries for current Session

send(request: PreparedRequest, **kwargs: Any) → Response[source]¶: Send a given PreparedRequest.

should_strip_auth(old_url: str, new_url: str) → bool[source]¶: Decide whether Authorization header should be removed when redirecting

source_address¶: Bind to address/network adapter

stream¶: Stream response content default.

trust_env: bool¶: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default authentication and similar.

verify: bool | str | bytes¶: SSL Verification default. Defaults to True, requiring requests to verify the TLS certificate at the remote end. If verify is set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Only set this to False for testing.

Lower-Level Classes¶

A user-created Request object.

Used to prepare a PreparedRequest, which is sent to the server.

Parameters:

method – HTTP method to use.
url – URL to send.
headers – dictionary of headers to send.
files – dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
data – the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary or list of tuples [(key, value)] is provided, form-encoding will take place.
json – json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
params – URL parameters to append to the URL. If a dictionary or list of tuples [(key, value)] is provided, form-encoding will take place.
auth – Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
cookies – dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
hooks – dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.

Usage:

>>> import niquests
>>> req = niquests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> req.prepare()
<PreparedRequest [GET]>

deregister_hook(event: str, hook: Callable[[Response | PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest | Response | None]) → bool[source]¶: Deregister a previously registered hook. Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.

prepare() → PreparedRequest[source]¶: Constructs a PreparedRequest for transmission and returns it.

register_hook(event: str, hook: Callable[[Response | PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest | Response | None] | list[Callable[[Response | PreparedRequest], PreparedRequest | Response | None]]) → None[source]¶: Properly register a hook.

class requests.Response[source]¶

The Response object, which contains a server’s response to an HTTP request.

close() → None[source]¶

Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been called the underlying raw object must not be accessed again.

Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.

property conn_info: ConnectionInfo | None¶: Provide context to the established connection that was used to perform the request.

property content: bytes | None¶: Content of the response, in bytes.

cookies: CookieJar¶: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.

elapsed: datetime.timedelta¶: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta). This property specifically measures the time taken between sending the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the value of the stream keyword argument.

encoding: str | None¶: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.

headers: CaseInsensitiveDict¶: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers. For example, headers['content-encoding'] will return the value of a 'Content-Encoding' response header.

history: list[Response]¶: A list of Response objects from the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.

property http_version: int | None¶

Shortcut to negotiated HTTP version protocol. See HttpVersion from urllib3.future. It returns an integer. It is as follows:

11 for HTTP/1.1
20 for HTTP/2
30 for HTTP/3

property is_permanent_redirect: bool¶: True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect.

property is_redirect: bool¶: True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have been processed automatically (by Session.resolve_redirects).

iter_content(chunk_size: int = -1, decode_unicode: Literal[False] = False) → Generator[bytes, None, None][source]¶

iter_content(chunk_size: int = -1, *, decode_unicode: Literal[True]) → Generator[str, None, None]

Iterates over the response data. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses. The chunk size is the number of bytes it should read into memory. This is not necessarily the length of each item returned as decoding can take place.

chunk_size must be of type int or None. A value of None will function differently depending on the value of stream. stream=True will read data as it arrives in whatever size the chunks are received. If stream=False, data is returned as a single chunk.

If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best available encoding based on the response.

iter_lines(chunk_size: int = -1, decode_unicode: Literal[False] = False, delimiter: str | bytes | None = None) → Generator[bytes, None, None][source]¶
iter_lines(chunk_size: int = -1, *, decode_unicode: Literal[True], delimiter: str | bytes | None = None) → Generator[str, None, None]: Iterates over the response data, one line at a time. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses.

Note

This method is not reentrant safe.

json(**kwargs: Any) → Any[source]¶

Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.

Parameters:: **kwargs – Optional arguments that json.loads takes.
Raises:: requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError – If the response body does not contain valid json or if content-type is not about json.

property lazy: bool¶: Determine if response isn’t received and is actually a placeholder. Only significant if request was sent through a multiplexed connection.

property links¶: Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any.

property next: PreparedRequest | None¶: Returns a PreparedRequest for the next request in a redirect chain, if there is one.

property ocsp_verified: bool | None¶: Marker that can inform you of the OCSP verification.

property oheaders: Headers¶: Retrieve headers as they were objects. There is no need to parse headers yourself. A simple Mapping isn’t enough to quickly access and analyze them. Read the full documentation of object-oriented headers at https://ousret.github.io/kiss-headers/ >>> import niquests >>> r = niquests.get(”https://google.com”) >>> r.oheaders.content_type.charset ‘ISO-8859-1’ >>> r.oheaders.content_type ‘text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1’ >>> r.oheaders.content_type[0] ‘text/html’

property ok: bool¶

Returns True if status_code is less than 400, False if not.

This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between 400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If the status code is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This is not a check to see if the response code is 200 OK.

raise_for_status() → Response[source]¶: Raises HTTPError, if one occurred.

raw: BaseHTTPResponse | None¶: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage). Use of raw requires that stream=True be set on the request. This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.

reason: str | None¶: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. “Not Found” or “OK”.

request: PreparedRequest | None¶: The PreparedRequest object to which this is a response.

status_code: int | None¶: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.

property text: str | None¶

Content of the response, in unicode.

If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using charset_normalizer.

The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should set r.encoding appropriately before accessing this property.

url: str | None¶: Final URL location of Response.

Lower-Lower-Level Classes¶

class niquests.PreparedRequest[source]¶

The fully mutable PreparedRequest object, containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.

Instances are generated from a Request object, and should not be instantiated manually; doing so may produce undesirable effects.

Usage:

>>> import niquests
>>> req = niquests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> r = req.prepare()
>>> r
<PreparedRequest [GET]>

>>> s = niquests.Session()
>>> s.send(r)
<Response HTTP/2 [200]>

body: str | bytes | bytearray | IO | List[Tuple[str, str]] | Dict[str, str | List[str]] | Iterable[bytes] | Iterable[str] | None¶: request body to send to the server.

conn_info: ConnectionInfo | None¶: valuable intel about the opened connection.

deregister_hook(event: str, hook) → bool[source]¶: Deregister a previously registered hook. Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.

headers: CaseInsensitiveDict | None¶: dictionary of HTTP headers.

hooks: Dict[str, List[Callable[[PreparedRequest | Response], PreparedRequest | Response | None]]]¶: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.

method: str | None¶: HTTP verb to send to the server.

ocsp_verified: bool | None¶: marker about if OCSP post-handshake verification took place.

property path_url: str¶: Build the path URL to use.

prepare(method: str | None = None, url: str | None = None, headers: MutableMapping[str | bytes, str | bytes] | MutableMapping[str, str] | MutableMapping[bytes, bytes] | CaseInsensitiveDict | List[Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes]] | Headers | None = None, files: List[Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str, MutableMapping[str | bytes, str | bytes] | MutableMapping[str, str] | MutableMapping[bytes, bytes] | CaseInsensitiveDict | List[Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes]] | Headers]]] | Dict[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str, MutableMapping[str | bytes, str | bytes] | MutableMapping[str, str] | MutableMapping[bytes, bytes] | CaseInsensitiveDict | List[Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes]] | Headers]] | None = None, data: str | bytes | bytearray | IO | List[Tuple[str, str]] | Dict[str, str | List[str]] | Iterable[bytes] | Iterable[str] | None = None, params: List[Tuple[str, str | List[str]]] | Mapping[str, str | List[str]] | bytes | str | None = None, auth: Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes] | str | AuthBase | None = None, cookies: MutableMapping[str, str] | CookieJar | None = None, hooks: Dict[str, List[Callable[[PreparedRequest | Response], PreparedRequest | Response | None]]] | None = None, json: Any | None = None) → None[source]¶: Prepares the entire request with the given parameters.

prepare_auth(auth: Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes] | str | AuthBase | None, url: str = '') → None[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP auth data.

prepare_body(data: str | bytes | bytearray | IO | List[Tuple[str, str]] | Dict[str, str | List[str]] | Iterable[bytes] | Iterable[str] | None, files: List[Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str, MutableMapping[str | bytes, str | bytes] | MutableMapping[str, str] | MutableMapping[bytes, bytes] | CaseInsensitiveDict | List[Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes]] | Headers]]] | Dict[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str] | Tuple[str, str | bytes | bytearray | IO, str, MutableMapping[str | bytes, str | bytes] | MutableMapping[str, str] | MutableMapping[bytes, bytes] | CaseInsensitiveDict | List[Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes]] | Headers]] | None, json: Any | None = None) → None[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP body data.

prepare_content_length(body: str | bytes | bytearray | IO | List[Tuple[str, str]] | Dict[str, str | List[str]] | Iterable[bytes] | Iterable[str] | None) → None[source]¶: Prepare Content-Length header based on request method and body

prepare_cookies(cookies: MutableMapping[str, str] | CookieJar | None) → None[source]¶

Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.

This function eventually generates a Cookie header from the given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib’s design, the header will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function can only be called once for the life of the PreparedRequest object. Any subsequent calls to prepare_cookies will have no actual effect, unless the “Cookie” header is removed beforehand.

prepare_headers(headers: MutableMapping[str | bytes, str | bytes] | MutableMapping[str, str] | MutableMapping[bytes, bytes] | CaseInsensitiveDict | List[Tuple[str | bytes, str | bytes]] | Headers | None) → None[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP headers.

prepare_hooks(hooks) → None[source]¶: Prepares the given hooks.

prepare_method(method: str | None) → None[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP method.

prepare_url(url: str | None, params: List[Tuple[str, str | List[str]]] | Mapping[str, str | List[str]] | bytes | str | None) → None[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP URL.

register_hook(event, hook) → None[source]¶: Properly register a hook.

upload_progress: TransferProgress | None¶: upload progress if any.

url: str | None¶: HTTP URL to send the request to.

class niquests.adapters.BaseAdapter[source]¶

The Base Transport Adapter

close() → None[source]¶: Cleans up adapter specific items.

gather(*responses: Response, max_fetch: int | None = None) → None[source]¶

Load responses that are still ‘lazy’. This method is meant for a multiplexed connection. Implementation is not mandatory.

Parameters:: max_fetch – Maximal number of response to be fetched before exiting the loop. By default, it waits until all pending (lazy) response are resolved.

Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

request – The PreparedRequest being sent.
stream – (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
proxies – (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
on_post_connection – (optional) A callable that should be invoked just after the pool mgr picked up a live connection. The function is expected to takes one positional argument and return nothing.
multiplexed – Determine if we should leverage multiplexed connection.

class niquests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_connections: int = 10, pool_maxsize: int = 10, max_retries: bool | int | Retry = 0, pool_block: bool = False, quic_cache_layer: MutableMapping[Tuple[str, int], Tuple[str, int] | None] | None = None, disable_http2: bool = False, disable_http3: bool = False, max_in_flight_multiplexed: int | None = None, resolver: str | ResolverDescription | BaseResolver | List[str] | List[ResolverDescription] | None = None, source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None, disable_ipv4: bool = False, disable_ipv6: bool = False, happy_eyeballs: bool | int = False)[source]¶

The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.future.

Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will usually be created by the Session class under the covers.

Parameters:

pool_connections – The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
pool_maxsize – The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
max_retries – The maximum number of retries each connection should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under which we retry a request, import urllib3’s Retry class and pass that instead.
pool_block – Whether the connection pool should block for connections.

Usage:

>>> import niquests
>>> s = niquests.Session()
>>> a = niquests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
>>> s.mount('http://', a)

add_headers(request: PreparedRequest, **kwargs)[source]¶

Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass the HTTPAdapter.

This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:

request – The PreparedRequest to add headers to.
kwargs – The keyword arguments from the call to send().

build_response(req: PreparedRequest, resp: HTTPResponse | ResponsePromise) → Response[source]¶

Builds a Response object from a urllib3 response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter

Parameters:

req – The PreparedRequest used to generate the response.
resp – The urllib3 response or promise object.

Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:

conn – The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
url – The requested URL.
verify – Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – The SSL certificate to verify.

close() → None[source]¶

Disposes of any internal state.

Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager, which closes any pooled connections.

gather(*responses: Response, max_fetch: int | None = None) → None[source]¶

Load responses that are still ‘lazy’. This method is meant for a multiplexed connection. Implementation is not mandatory.

Parameters:: max_fetch – Maximal number of response to be fetched before exiting the loop. By default, it waits until all pending (lazy) response are resolved.

get_connection(url: str, proxies: Dict[str, str] | None = None) → HTTPConnectionPool | HTTPSConnectionPool[source]¶

Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:

url – The URL to connect to.
proxies – (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.

init_poolmanager(connections: int, maxsize: int, block: bool = False, quic_cache_layer: MutableMapping[Tuple[str, int], Tuple[str, int] | None] | None = None, **pool_kwargs: Any) → None[source]¶

Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.

This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:

connections – The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
maxsize – The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
block – Block when no free connections are available.
quic_cache_layer – Caching mutable mapping to remember QUIC capable endpoint.
pool_kwargs – Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.

proxy_headers(proxy: str) → dict[str, str][source]¶

Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if CONNECT is being used.

This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:: proxy – The url of the proxy being used for this request.

proxy_manager_for(proxy: str, **proxy_kwargs: Any) → ProxyManager[source]¶

Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.

This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:

proxy – The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
proxy_kwargs – Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.

Returns:

ProxyManager

request_url(request: PreparedRequest, proxies: Dict[str, str] | None) → str[source]¶

Obtain the url to use when making the final request.

If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.

This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters:

request – The PreparedRequest being sent.
proxies – A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.

Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.

Parameters:

request – The PreparedRequest being sent.
stream – (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
timeout – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. It is also possible to put the certificates (directly) in a string or bytes.
cert – (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
proxies – (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
on_post_connection – (optional) A callable that contain a single positional argument for newly acquired connection. Useful to check acquired connection information.
multiplexed – Determine if request shall be transmitted by leveraging the multiplexed aspect of the protocol if available. Return a lazy instance of Response pending its retrieval.

Authentication¶

class niquests.auth.AuthBase[source]¶: Base class that all auth implementations derive from

class niquests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth(username: str | bytes, password: str | bytes)[source]¶: Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object.

class niquests.auth.HTTPProxyAuth(username: str | bytes, password: str | bytes)[source]¶: Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object.

class niquests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth(username: str, password: str)[source]¶: Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object.

Cookies¶

niquests.utils.dict_from_cookiejar(cj: CookieJar) → dict[str, str | None][source]¶

Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.

Parameters:: cj – CookieJar object to extract cookies from.

niquests.utils.add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj: RequestsCookieJar, cookie_dict) → RequestsCookieJar | CookieJar[source]¶

Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.

Parameters:

cj – CookieJar to insert cookies into.
cookie_dict – Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.

niquests.cookies.cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict: MutableMapping[str, str] | None, cookiejar: RequestsCookieJar | CookieJar | None = None, overwrite: bool = True) → RequestsCookieJar | CookieJar[source]¶

Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.

Parameters:

cookie_dict – Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
cookiejar – (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
overwrite – (optional) If False, will not replace cookies already in the jar with new ones.

class niquests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar(policy=None)[source]¶

Compatibility class; is a http.cookiejar.CookieJar, but exposes a dict interface.

This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that don’t specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and session.cookies to support dict operations.

Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it’s just for compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work out of the box with externally provided instances of CookieJar, e.g. LWPCookieJar and FileCookieJar.

Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.

Warning

dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).

add_cookie_header(request)¶

Add correct Cookie: header to request (urllib.request.Request object).

The Cookie2 header is also added unless policy.hide_cookie2 is true.

clear(domain=None, path=None, name=None)¶

Clear some cookies.

Invoking this method without arguments will clear all cookies. If given a single argument, only cookies belonging to that domain will be removed. If given two arguments, cookies belonging to the specified path within that domain are removed. If given three arguments, then the cookie with the specified name, path and domain is removed.

Raises KeyError if no matching cookie exists.

clear_expired_cookies()¶

Discard all expired cookies.

You probably don’t need to call this method: expired cookies are never sent back to the server (provided you’re using DefaultCookiePolicy), this method is called by CookieJar itself every so often, and the .save() method won’t save expired cookies anyway (unless you ask otherwise by passing a true ignore_expires argument).

clear_session_cookies()¶

Discard all session cookies.

Note that the .save() method won’t save session cookies anyway, unless you ask otherwise by passing a true ignore_discard argument.

copy()[source]¶: Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar.

extract_cookies(response, request)¶: Extract cookies from response, where allowable given the request.

get(name, default=None, domain=None, path=None)[source]¶: Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over multiple domains.

Warning

operation is O(n), not O(1).

get_dict(domain: str | None = None, path: str | None = None) → dict[str, str | None][source]¶: Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the requirements.

get_policy()[source]¶: Return the CookiePolicy instance used.

items()[source]¶: Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the jar. Allows client-code to call dict(RequestsCookieJar) and get a vanilla python dict of key value pairs.

See also

keys() and values().

iteritems()[source]¶: Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples from the jar.

See also

iterkeys() and itervalues().

iterkeys()[source]¶: Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies from the jar.

See also

itervalues() and iteritems().

itervalues()[source]¶: Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies from the jar.

See also

iterkeys() and iteritems().

keys()[source]¶: Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the jar.

See also

values() and items().

list_domains() → list[str][source]¶: Utility method to list all the domains in the jar.

list_paths() → list[str][source]¶: Utility method to list all the paths in the jar.

make_cookies(response, request)¶: Return sequence of Cookie objects extracted from response object.

multiple_domains() → bool[source]¶: Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar. Returns False otherwise.

pop(k[, d]) → v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.¶: If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

popitem() → (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair¶: as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

set(name, value, **kwargs)[source]¶: Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over multiple domains.

set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶: Set a cookie, without checking whether or not it should be set.

set_cookie_if_ok(cookie, request)¶: Set a cookie if policy says it’s OK to do so.

setdefault(k[, d]) → D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D¶

update(other)[source]¶: Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like

values()[source]¶: Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the jar.

See also

keys() and items().

class niquests.cookies.CookieConflictError[source]¶

There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar. Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific.

with_traceback()¶: Exception.with_traceback(tb) – set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Status Code Lookup¶

niquests.codes¶: alias of {}

The codes object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary items.

Example:

>>> import niquests
>>> niquests.codes['temporary_redirect']
307
>>> niquests.codes.teapot
418
>>> niquests.codes['\o/']
200

Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of the names are allowed. For example, codes.ok, codes.OK, and codes.okay all correspond to the HTTP status code 200.

100: continue
101: switching_protocols
102: processing
103: checkpoint
122: uri_too_long, request_uri_too_long
200: ok, okay, all_ok, all_okay, all_good, \o/, ✓
201: created
202: accepted
203: non_authoritative_info, non_authoritative_information
204: no_content
205: reset_content, reset
206: partial_content, partial
207: multi_status, multiple_status, multi_stati, multiple_stati
208: already_reported
226: im_used
300: multiple_choices
301: moved_permanently, moved, \o-
302: found
303: see_other, other
304: not_modified
305: use_proxy
306: switch_proxy
307: temporary_redirect, temporary_moved, temporary
308: permanent_redirect, resume_incomplete, resume
400: bad_request, bad
401: unauthorized
402: payment_required, payment
403: forbidden
404: not_found, -o-
405: method_not_allowed, not_allowed
406: not_acceptable
407: proxy_authentication_required, proxy_auth, proxy_authentication
408: request_timeout, timeout
409: conflict
410: gone
411: length_required
412: precondition_failed, precondition
413: request_entity_too_large
414: request_uri_too_large
415: unsupported_media_type, unsupported_media, media_type
416: requested_range_not_satisfiable, requested_range, range_not_satisfiable
417: expectation_failed
418: im_a_teapot, teapot, i_am_a_teapot
421: misdirected_request
422: unprocessable_entity, unprocessable
423: locked
424: failed_dependency, dependency
425: unordered_collection, unordered, too_early
426: upgrade_required, upgrade
428: precondition_required, precondition
429: too_many_requests, too_many
431: header_fields_too_large, fields_too_large
444: no_response, none
449: retry_with, retry
450: blocked_by_windows_parental_controls, parental_controls
451: unavailable_for_legal_reasons, legal_reasons
499: client_closed_request
500: internal_server_error, server_error, /o\, ✗
501: not_implemented
502: bad_gateway
503: service_unavailable, unavailable
504: gateway_timeout
505: http_version_not_supported, http_version
506: variant_also_negotiates
507: insufficient_storage
509: bandwidth_limit_exceeded, bandwidth
510: not_extended
511: network_authentication_required, network_auth, network_authentication

Migrating to 3.x¶

Compared with the 2.0 release, there were relatively few backwards incompatible changes, but there are still a few issues to be aware of with this major release.

Removed¶

Property apparent_encoding in favor of a discrete internal inference.
Support for the legacy chardet detector in case it was present in environment. Extra chardet_on_py3 is now unavailable.
requests.compat no longer hold reference to _chardet_.
Deprecated requests.packages that was meant to avoid breakage from people importing urllib3 or chardet within this package. They were _vendored_ in early versions of Requests. A long time ago.
Deprecated function get_encodings_from_content from utils.
Deprecated function get_unicode_from_response from utils.
BasicAuth middleware no-longer support anything else than bytes or str for username and password.
requests.compat is stripped of every reference that no longer vary between supported interpreter version.
Charset fall back ISO-8859-1 when content-type is text and no charset was specified.
Main function get, post, put, patch, delete, and head no longer accept kwargs. They have a fixed list of typed argument. It is no longer possible to specify non-supported additional keyword argument from a Session instance or directly through requests.api functions. e.g. function delete no-longer accept json, or files arguments. as per RFCs specifications. You can still override this behavior through the request function.
Mixin classes RequestEncodingMixin, and RequestHooksMixin due to OOP violations. Now deported directly into child classes.
Function unicode_is_ascii as it is part of the stable str stdlib on Python 3 or greater.
Alias function session for Session context manager that was kept for BC reasons since the v1.
pyOpenSSL/urllib3 injection in case built-in ssl module does not have SNI support as it is not the case anymore for every supported interpreters.
Constant DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, and submodule certs due to dropping certifi.
Function extract_zipped_paths because rendered useless as it was made to handle an edge case where certifi is “zipped”.
Extra security when installing this package. It was previously emptied in the previous major.
Warning emitted when passing a file opened in text-mode instead of binary. urllib3.future can overrule the content-length if it detects an error. You should not encounter broken request being sent.
Support for simplejson if was present in environment.
Submodule compat.
Dependency check at runtime for urllib3. There’s no more check and warnings at runtime for that subject. Ever.

Behavioural Changes¶

Niquests negotiate for a HTTP/2 connection by default, fallback to HTTP/1.1 if not available.
Support for HTTP/3 can be present by default if your platform support the pre-built wheel for qh3.
Server capability for HTTP/3 is remembered automatically (in-memory) for subsequent requests.